Arts and Music Atlas

Works, Makers, Traditions

Arts and Music Atlas

Disputed Statements

Claims this atlas currently marks as unsettled or as tested and found false. A debated fact is one scholars hold competing positions on; a debunked one has been checked against the record and found not to hold. Both are kept in view rather than quietly smoothed over, with the reasoning that put each one where it stands.

62 statements marked Debated.

Organic Architecture, Founded In PlaceUnited States; the source names no single founding place for the philosophy itself, only Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater house in rural Pennsylvania as its defining masterpiece.

Organic Architecture, Movements

Standing

Concerns Founded In Place

Currently States United States; the source names no single founding place for the philosophy itself, only Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater house in rural Pennsylvania as its defining masterpiece.

The cited article credits Frank Lloyd Wright with the term and cites Fallingwater, in rural Pennsylvania, as the movement's defining work, but states no single place where the philosophy itself was founded, consistent with the entity's own description of it as a continuing set of principles rather than a period style with a fixed origin.

Source Wikipedia

Photography, Place of OriginFrance, generally credited to Nicephore Niepce and Louis Daguerre, though England's Henry Fox Talbot independently developed a rival photographic process around the same period.

Photography, Art Forms

Standing

Concerns Place of Origin

Currently States France, generally credited to Nicephore Niepce and Louis Daguerre, though England's Henry Fox Talbot independently developed a rival photographic process around the same period.

Traditional attribution centers on the French daguerreotype process, formally unveiled in 1839; the recorded dissent names Talbot's independently developed calotype negative process, demonstrated in London with less publicity than the daguerreotype's formal unveiling.

Source Wikipedia

Pop Art, End Year1975

Pop Art, Movements

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1975

No single closing event; TheArtStory dates Pop Art's decline to the late 1970s as the art world's attention shifted to installation, performance and other less object-based forms, and 1975 is used here as a round marker within that decade-long decline.

Source TheArtStory

Prairie School, End Year1917

Prairie School, Movements

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1917

1917, the year of American entry into the First World War, is commonly given as the point the movement effective momentum slowed, but some historians extend its active period into the 1920s through the continuing work of individual Prairie School architects.

Source Gardner's Art Through the Ages, Fred S. Kleiner (after Helen Gardner)

Realism, Start Year1848

Realism, Movements

Standing

Concerns Start Year

Currently States 1848

One position dates the movement to Champfleury's coining of the term and Courbet's earliest 1840s work, tied to the 1848 Revolution; Britannica instead dates the movement's actual emergence to Courbet's pivotal 1850-1851 Salon showing, treating the 1840s as precursor.

Source Tate

Realism, End Year1880

Realism, Movements

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1880

Realism has no sharp end date; it shaded gradually into Naturalism and Impressionism through the later nineteenth century rather than being displaced at a single point. TheArtStory's own timeline gives Started 1840s and Ended 1880s, and 1880 is used here as that round decade marker.

Source TheArtStory

Renaissance, DescriptionThe Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in the Italian city states, above all Florence, in the fourteenth century and spread across Europe over the following two centuries, marked by renewed study of Greek and Roman antiquity, close observation of the natural world, and a new confidence in individual human achievement. Wealthy patrons, most famously the Medici family of Florence, funded painters, sculptors, and architects whose work pursued anatomical accuracy, linear perspective, and classical proportion, ideals realized in the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci and the sculpture and painting of Michelangelo. The movement also transformed architecture, reviving the dome and classical orders, and literature and philosophy, though its influence is most visible today in the visual arts it left behind in Italian churches, palaces, and museums. Its precise start and end dates are conventional rather than sharp breaks: scholars commonly place its opening in Florence around 1400 and its diffusion through Northern Europe continuing into the later sixteenth century, by which point Mannerist and early Baroque styles were already emerging from within it.

Renaissance, Movements

Standing

Concerns Description

Currently States The Renaissance was a cultural movement that began in the Italian city states, above all Florence, in the fourteenth century and spread across Europe over the following two centuries, marked by renewed study of Greek and Roman antiquity, close observation of the natural world, and a new confidence in individual human achievement. Wealthy patrons, most famously the Medici family of Florence, funded painters, sculptors, and architects whose work pursued anatomical accuracy, linear perspective, and classical proportion, ideals realized in the paintings of Leonardo da Vinci and the sculpture and painting of Michelangelo. The movement also transformed architecture, reviving the dome and classical orders, and literature and philosophy, though its influence is most visible today in the visual arts it left behind in Italian churches, palaces, and museums. Its precise start and end dates are conventional rather than sharp breaks: scholars commonly place its opening in Florence around 1400 and its diffusion through Northern Europe continuing into the later sixteenth century, by which point Mannerist and early Baroque styles were already emerging from within it.

Source Gardner's Art Through the Ages, Fred S. Kleiner (after Helen Gardner)

Renaissance, Start Year1400

Renaissance, Movements

Standing

Concerns Start Year

Currently States 1400

Scholars place the Renaissance's opening anywhere from the early 1300s, with Giotto and Petrarch, to the conventional Florentine flowering around 1400 used here; there is no single agreed starting event.

Source Gardner's Art Through the Ages, Fred S. Kleiner (after Helen Gardner)

Renaissance, End Year1600

Renaissance, Movements

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1600

The Renaissance shades gradually into Mannerism and the early Baroque rather than ending on a fixed date; 1600 is a conventional marker for the close of the High Renaissance's influence in Italy, with Northern European Renaissance art continuing somewhat later.

Source Gardner's Art Through the Ages, Fred S. Kleiner (after Helen Gardner)

Rococo, End Year1785

Rococo, Movements

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1785

France's Rococo was displaced by Neoclassicism after David's Oath of the Horatii at the 1785 Salon, but the style persisted longer in parts of Germany and Austria, so this date marks its French eclipse rather than a universal end.

Source Tate

Romanticism, Start Year1800

Romanticism, Movements

Standing

Concerns Start Year

Currently States 1800

Historians differ on whether musical Romanticism begins with Beethoven's middle and late works around 1800 to 1810 or only with the generation of composers, such as Schubert and Schumann, who came directly after him.

Source The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Stanley Sadie, editor (successive editions)

Romanticism, End Year1910

Romanticism, Movements

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1910

1910 is a conventional closing date associated with the late Romantic and early modernist transition in composers such as Mahler and Debussy; there is no agreed single end point, and late Romantic style persisted in some composers well into the twentieth century.

Source The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Stanley Sadie, editor (successive editions)

Surrealism, End Year1966

Surrealism, Movements

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1966

Andre Breton, the movement's founder and chief theorist, died in 1966, and the formal Surrealist group dissolved in 1969. Some historians treat the movement as continuing informally well beyond either date, so no single end year is fully settled.

Source Gardner's Art Through the Ages, Fred S. Kleiner (after Helen Gardner)

Swan Lake, Year Created1875

Swan Lake, Works

Standing

Concerns Year Created

Currently States 1875

Wikipedia states it was composed across 1875-76; not a single exact year.

Source Wikipedia

Symbolism, End Year1910

Symbolism, Movements

Standing

Concerns End Year

Currently States 1910

TheArtStory dates Symbolism 1880 to 1910, describing it as a transition from Romanticism to modernism rather than a movement with a sharp closing event; 1910 is the source's own closing marker.

Source TheArtStory

The Calling of Saint Matthew, Year Created1599

The Calling of Saint Matthew, Works

Standing

Concerns Year Created

Currently States 1599

Wikipedia dates the painting only to 1599-1600; not a single exact year.

Source Wikipedia

The Four Seasons (Vivaldi), Year Created1718

The Four Seasons (Vivaldi), Works

Standing

Concerns Year Created

Currently States 1718

Wikipedia states the concerti were composed around 1718-1723; not a single exact year.

Source Wikipedia

The Garden of Earthly Delights, Year Created1490

The Garden of Earthly Delights, Works

Standing

Concerns Year Created

Currently States 1490

Wikipedia dates it only to between 1490 and 1510; not an exact year.

Source Wikipedia

The Kiss (Klimt), Year Created1907

The Kiss (Klimt), Works

Standing

Concerns Year Created

Currently States 1907

Wikipedia states it was painted in 1907 and 1908; not a single exact year.

Source Wikipedia

The School of Athens, Year Created1509

The School of Athens, Works

Standing

Concerns Year Created

Currently States 1509

Wikipedia dates it only to between 1509 and 1511; not an exact year.

Source Wikipedia